Keywords: ancient books scanner, book scanner, case scanner, large format scanner, non-contact scanner The BOOK2NET design team listens carefully to the needs of feedback from many libraries and translates the requirements into scanners that are best suited to the digitalization of the library's precious ancient books. The book2net Cobra non-contact file scanner is equipped with the latest sensor technology and its high-precision system for all the precious historical manuscripts, books and documents with special protection requirements while ensuring flexibility and ease of operation. High-quality optics enable book2net Cobra to achieve an unparalleled combination of quality, and two high-resolution area sensors are used in parallel, allowing valuable, precious ancient books to be restored with high quality without any damage. Especially for special inks and colors, especially for gold coatings and gold-plated layers, the book2net Cobra is equipped with glare - an additional lighting system and a special structure for the unshaded capture, integration, installation and external control of The scanning process provides a stable scanning temperature for perfect reproduction of the scanned color. Selling ancient books online (including antiquities), many scams make you hard to defend. First of all, I would like to remind you that there are already fake ancient books in the market. There are mainly two major departments. First, if you have a little common sense, you will know that it is a fake. It is mainly that the antiques market stalls and online scams are the most. 1. The gutter is not natural. 2. Photographs are intentionally small, fuzzy, not positive, and key parts are avoided 3. Color or old with image software 4. The color of the book is too heavy and too bright 5. Deliberately selling the original, the original is not 6. Selling books and selling old (old) paper and related fake ancient materials and supplies 7. If the fake old items are sold in ancient times, such a person may be fake. There are examples. The Panjiayuanzi wholesale 20 yuan is priced at 2,800 yuan online. In the personal booth on the opposite side of our home, the asking price is 500 yuan. When you deliberately think that the price is high, the price will be reduced to 150 yuan. If you say that you want it but think that the price is high, the counter-offer price of 50 yuan will often be dealt with. Of course, he also earned 30 yuan. 8. Play text trap 9. And the engraved version or the Republic of China book is easy to imitate, more difficult to identify When you collect ancient books, you should be cautious. In the old days, unlike the new printing methods, the ink used in printing books differed greatly from the present. The fine carbon powders made from loose smoke or oil smoke were used as raw materials, blended with water, and mixed with the corresponding amount of plants. Made of glue and made of water, it can be called water-soluble printing ink. In the book printed with this kind of ink, the ink on the paper is exhausted, and the gum will quickly aging and volatilize. Finally, only the carbon ink of the loose smoke or soot powder adheres to it. When modern people copy ancient books, they often don't know the old skills, or just try to use small ones to test the "market", and people who don't know how to identify are the majority. Their sales targets are aimed at such groups, so modern equipment is used to imitate woodcuts, etc. Even, it is scanned by a scanner to make an offset plate, or it is completed by a small printing device with a paper plate 8. The printing speed is innumerable times that of conventional manual printing, and printing using ink (even if ink) is often used. Therefore, it is much easier to identify the authenticity of imitation ancient books. The ink used in modern mechanical printing is smelly and can be smelled by our sense of smell. We can distinguish ancient books and modern imitations with the smell of ink. When distinguishing the true and false of ancient books, in addition to looking at the paper fiber and the degree of Laohua, the printing ink effect, the binding effect and many important rules such as version, catalog, order, etc., it is easy to judge the result by using our sense of smell to identify the taste of ink. And in the online scouring of ancient books, it may be more necessary to identify the ability. Method another article: When using the literature, there is a question of authenticity of the book. Especially in many ancient documents, there are some pseudo-books. The purpose of discerning is to restore the original features of the book in order to make better use of it, rather than rejecting the pseudo-books, because some pseudo-books also have the value of archaeological archaeology, such as the imitation of the Song Yuan is the most precious version of ancient books. For most readers, identification is the first step in reading research. Do some falsification work before reading and research, such as knowing that the ancient books have the meaning of authenticity, and taking a cautious attitude when reading, not quoting the pseudo-book when writing, or explaining the situation of citing the pseudo-book. In short, understanding the identification of ancient books Historical conditions, attitudes, approaches and methods are all necessary. After the invention of the book, the different eras can be divided into three periods according to the different materials and binding forms: from ancient times to Qin to the simple period, Qin to Tang as the reel period, and Song to Qing as the period of the book. The simple policy is the oldest book. It has been lost for a long time. What you can see now is some of the unearthed pieces that cannot be forged. The scroll books have long since disappeared in the society. It is rarely seen by ordinary people. It is very difficult to sue for the actual situation. Therefore, ancient books should be the most ancient books in the Song Dynasty, and the Song version is the best. In the Song Dynasty, the engravings were clear, there were no typos and lack of texts; the writings were all from the hands of famous artists, and the strokes were very regular. Among them, there were European styles; the paper quality was sold far, the ink color was clean, and the printing ink was just right; even if the paper was wet There is no watermark after drying; the book uses a single side, in the name of the name of the Song Dynasty emperor, each word is missing before the book is printed, in order to avoid. The book handed down before the Song Dynasty, the Song Dynasty published a lot of publications, and later there is no heavy engraving, which is dominated by Buddhism and medicine. In the Song dynasty edition, the quality of the bamboo lining paper is the best, but there are few remaining, it is very difficult to obtain, and the method of discriminating ancient books. In the Ming Dynasty, Hu Yinglin’s "Four Partial Falsehood" specifically proposed eight methods. Liang Qichao's "Chinese History" The Research Law also summarizes 12 articles, which may prove. In general, there are a few simple steps: First, check the bibliography of the past. If a book is not recorded in the former public and private books, it may appear in a certain period of time. This book may be a fake book. Second, look for a variety of circumstantial evidence. After writing one, is there anyone to quote, and no one in the future will play, if any, it may be true. If the predecessors quoted and the current book and text are different, the current book is doubtful. Third, review the content of the work. From the content of the work, if the things recorded in the book are different from those of the author, it may be a fake. Fourth, test the language style. Each era has the linguistic features and styles of each era, and this style is a powerful basis for identifying works. The language of the work reflects the characteristics of a certain era. When the falsified person is high, the language of the work always reveals flaws. At home and abroad, book reviewers review ancient books with the code, the six classics, the Sao, the country, the historical records, the Han dynasty, and the literary selection as the most, followed by the poetry collection, followed by the essays. In the early years, there were rare books in the Yuan Dynasty, and later became worse. Method 2: Selling ancient books online (including antiquities), many scams make you hard to defend. 1. The gutter is not natural. 2. Photographs are intentionally small, fuzzy, not positive, and key parts are avoided 3. Color or old with image software 4. The color of the book is too heavy and too bright 5. Deliberately selling the original, the original is not 6. Selling books and selling old (old) paper and related fake ancient materials and supplies 7. If the fake old items are sold in ancient times, such a person may be fake. There are examples. The Panjiayuanzi wholesale 20 yuan is priced at 2,800 yuan online. In the personal booth on the opposite side of our home, the asking price is 500 yuan. When you deliberately think that the price is high, the price will be reduced to 150 yuan. If you say that you want it but think that the price is high, the counter-offer price of 50 yuan will often be dealt with. Of course, he also earned 30 yuan. 8. Play text trap 9. And the engraved version or the Republic of China book is easy to imitate, more difficult to identify When you collect ancient books, you should be cautious. In addition, and this (and engraved) Japanese ancient books printed in the early days of Japan, I believe that the market prospects are obscured, and everyone will carefully assess and then reach out. Method 3: Identify the true and false of the various books of Chinese ancient books and their advantages and disadvantages. The version identification originated from the Northern Song Dynasty after the popularization of Chinese engraving. "Song History" "Xing Chuan" records: "The beginning of the country is less than four thousand, today more than 100,000, the version is big." However, in the scientific research using the book of the literature to explain the basis and source of its argument, then The various books of the book, such as the "version", are written in various ways such as writing, engraving, movable type, lead type, lithograph, photocopy, and handwriting or printing. The types of ancient books are mainly: The book is a book written by hand, including: a book, a manuscript, a copy of a photo, a copy of a copy, and so on. The engraved version is divided into three categories: the official engraving, the private engraving, and the engraving. The official engravings refer to the personal engravings of the books and their affiliated institutions of the central and local dynasties in history, also known as "home engravings," including personal, family, and family engravings. The engraving of the workshop refers to the book engraved in the bookstore where the engraved books are used for business. The cards in the engraving book are named “Book Squareâ€, “Shu Linâ€, “Book Shopâ€, “Jiu Jipuâ€, etc. "of. According to the area, the famous ancient books are known as Zheben, Sakamoto and Sakamoto. The movable type includes: "wood type", "copper type", "mud type" and so on. Metal movable type prints include tin type, lead type, and typewriter. Others have a replica book, also known as "shadow engraving", "turning engraved book", as well as writing engraved copies, overprints, color prints, back copies of official documents, and approved school copies. Method 1 for identifying the ancient book version examines the records, characteristics, and recorded data formed during the process of writing the book. Generally, from the title of the book, the card, the preface, the typeface, the payment, and the approval, the title, the Tibetan chapter, the binding format, the attached record of the work, and the word avoidance in the book. For example: Qing Lu Xinyuan has the title of "Songlou Collection of Books", the first half of the leaf engraved "Songlou Collection of the Book of the Songs of the Songs of the House", and the latter half of the "Guangxu Eight Years of the Winter and the Moon 100,000 Volumes of the Tibetan Edition" According to this, the journalist and the engraving year can be known. Another example: the Northern Song Dynasty engraved, the font is rigid and hard, the Southern Song engraved font gradually becomes more rounded, the Yuan Dynasty engraved the word more "soft", the Ming Dynasty engraved more than the body, the late Ming to Qing dynasty form a horizontal thin vertical print font, this only It is the outline of the evolution of the fonts of the Song to Qing dynasty. The actual changes are much more complicated, and the differences should be fined. 2 Identification of ancient books through the examination of bibliographic works. The circulation of the examination books, the existing versions of the editions, the historical documents, or the examination of the originalities and differences between the original books and the history and their characteristics, the documentary and the written materials alone, can not see the original state of the ancient books, in the judgment Limitations, you can use the ancient book shadow map to help identify. The descriptions of predecessors' books (such as bibliography, discussion, etc.) must be analyzed and demonstrated, some of which may be inaccurate or incorrectly judged, so as to make appropriate and accurate identification. 3 Identification from the version features formed by different plate making processes. The ancient books version can be divided into two major categories: the book and the printed version (excluding the pictures of the ring and the ring). The printed version is mostly printed in the woodcut. For example, the sharp edges of the engraved characters are complete and clear, indicating that the print is earlier; the marks are lost, the damage is broken, the plates are broken, indicating that it is a later print, and so on. 4 Identification of ancient books should pay attention to the fake. Ancient books not only have cultural and academic value, but also have historical relics and artistic value, but in the process of social circulation, it is also a commodity, thus generating some speculative booksellers and "forgers." For example: to fill the book with the original incompleteness, to make a complete book; to affix the fake chapter, pretending to be the original book collection or "processing" (such as the approval of the school); Reconstruction, the later engraved texts have been dug, retouched, etc., filled into the early engraved or rare "Zhen Ben"; tore the original book preface, by pseudo-filling the old engraved ancient books, and so on. The identification version needs to be practiced continuously, repeated examinations, increase the perceptual knowledge, accumulate experience, strive to see more physical objects, supplement and reference the research with the book shadow map, and gradually achieve the exact understanding and mastery. Chinese ancient book version identification Chinese ancient books have been circulated throughout the ages, and the number is very large. There are many kinds of books. The same kind of books have been repeatedly engraved and copied, and the versions are complicated and complicated. This has caused difficulties for later generations and academic research. Therefore, the identification of ancient books has become an indispensable foundation. research work. To be used in the identification of ancient books, it is necessary to have extensive knowledge of literature and history, versioning, bibliographic knowledge and long-term practical experience. Engraved book The basis for the identification of the book Font It is the main basis for determining the era of engraving. Chinese characters are square characters. The pens and writing methods used in writing in different eras have evolved. The working methods and technical levels of engraving have also developed at any time, forming characteristics and differences in the structure of fonts. In addition to the characteristics of the times, the areas where the engraving development develops also form a unique local style. To be engaged in the appraisal work, it is necessary to be familiar with the characteristics of the knife and the law in different periods and places, and to grasp the similarities and differences between the characters that are not easily perceived by ordinary people. Card For the book identification. Generally at the end of the book, there are also in the order or after the catalogue. The text is detailed and detailed, mainly indicating the date and the publisher. After the Song and Yuan Dynasties, it appeared in the square. The private, official, and bookshops of the Yuan, Ming and Qing dynasties used more of them, forming a basis for obvious examination. However, some of the inscriptions and the engravings also engraved the original book cards, so they should be distinguished by reference to other features. Preface Ancient books are mostly prefaced. Most of its contents are to explain the strengths and limitations of this book, and to record the passage and era of engraving and copying. The appraiser can judge the version of the book from the original text and the payment, and it is one of the basis for the identification of ancient books. However, it is necessary to pay attention to the sequence of the book and the preface of the book. Case. Engraving The engravings of Song, Jin, Yuan, Ming and Qing often have the names of the engravers in the book. Some books have a dozens of engravings. Engraving has always been valued by the literary scholars. It is the most direct basis for understanding the era and region of the engraving from the name of the engraver. However, some of the Ming and Qing dynasties, the original engravings of the original engravings, are also easy to cause misunderstanding; the same engraved book also has different ages. Therefore, it is necessary to combine other circumstantial evidence to make an accurate judgment. taboo The feudal society uses words to avoid swearing, and there are evasive emperors and priests. The Yuan Dynasty did not pay attention to avoiding shackles. In the Song Dynasty and the Qing Dynasty, Kangxi and Yongzheng were more strict in avoiding them. Later generations of scholars often use the evasive word as the basis for judging the general era of ancient books. However, it should be noted that the original book is circumvented by the engraving and engraving. format Due to the different eras of engraving, the variation of the style of the book is more distinct. Although there are staggering and exceptions, there are basic rules to follow. For example, the book mouth of the Song edition is mostly “white mouthâ€, while the yuan version and the Ming The previous version mostly used "black mouth". The identification of the line layout has always been regarded as one of the important basis (see engraving printed literature, Chinese ancient books). Paper Regarding the printed papers and the papers used to write the book, the predecessors did not have systematic research data for reference. Many papers did not know their names, and the papers mentioned in the literature were difficult to relate to the real objects. The paper is fine and thick, the color is yellow, white or gray and the curtain is wide and narrow. In the Song Dynasty, there were white linen papers in the porcelain engraving. The paper was more uniform and tough. The Sichuan engraved book also used white hemp paper. Some of the papers were thicker and even had small holes. In the early Southern Song Dynasty, the bamboo paper used in Fujian Printing was fine in texture and white in paper. However, in the future, yellow bamboo paper was used. Therefore, from Song and Yuan to the Ming Dynasty, yellow paper became the characteristic of Fujian printing. In the Ming Dynasty, cotton paper was expensive, cotton paper was thick and thin, paper was fine, and white cotton paper printed books became the characteristics of the Ming Dynasty. At the end of the Ming Dynasty, open paper was produced, and the paper was fine and white. The Qing Dynasty used the paper to print the most expensive books, and even the application of history paper and bamboo paper. After the Song Dynasty, there were also printed on the back of old papers such as official paper (public paper) and other books and letters. These official papers can also be used to infer the general era of the prints. In short, the paper of the book is a basis for identifying the version, but it is necessary to compare more, because some books are printed in the Song Dynasty, and later can still be reprinted with the book version, and the difference between the original and the printed version can only be from paper. Discriminated. Copybook Identification of manuscripts and manuscripts Before the invention of printing, ancient books were circulated by transcripts. After the invention of printing, even after the popularization of engraving and printing, the copybook still accounts for a large proportion in the ancient Chinese books. The transcripts circulating in the past are of considerable quantity and quality. In addition to the transcripts, the handwritten books of the collectors and the manuscripts of the scholars are treasures in the ancient books. Therefore, the identification of transcripts and manuscripts is very important. The method of identification must first start with the general characteristics of writing fonts, and it is the same as the method of identifying the original. There are quite a few transcripts that are more obvious. Many books copied by collectors use papers printed in a special format for transcription. For example, in the Ming Dynasty, the transcript of the family has the words "Xianshengtang copybook" in the heart of the edition; Maojinjia has a kind of black-grid paper for copying the book, and the words "Mao's original book, Guge Tibetan" are in the heart of the book; The version of the paper used in the copybook is "Li Cao's Burnout Book", and so on. These marks are an important basis for identification. In addition, the style of personal calligraphy, the avoidance of words in the book, the era of the author, etc., are the basis for the identification of manuscripts and manuscripts. Other circumstantial Other circumstantial evidence that is helpful for identification The ancient seal of the seal is covered with someone's book, indicating that the book was hidden by someone. A long time passed, Tibetan seals have increased, and the source of the literature collection can be seen. Most of the famous collectors have a bibliography, and the collection of books by the collection of books helps to test the version of a book. However, there is a difference between the authenticity and the false impression. When there are conditions, the authenticity and the false impression can be compared, and the seal and the ink color can be carefully examined to distinguish them. The title of the school is often approved by the predecessors of the ancient books. The title often contains bibliographic and versionographic materials, which will help the identification of ancient books. The examination of the school should be analyzed, and its authenticity should be determined by its own quality, by whom, and by the content and typeface. There are many records about the engraving in the literature. Some bibliographies and notes often describe the writing and circulation of documents. The art and literature in some local chronicles have a local catalogue of books. Some writings, such as Wang Guowei's "Wangtang Jilin" volume twenty-one, "The Yuan Journal of Zizhitong Jianyin Note", has been identified in the book of the "Three Zichuan" "Zi Zhi Tong Jian Yin Note" There is Wang Shuxu, but it is not a copy of Yuanxing Culture and Publications Bureau. These are all useful circumstantial evidence. Authenticity identification The authenticity of the ancient book version The predecessors have a statement about the pseudo-book, which refers to a certain type of book faked as an ancient work, not the scope of the version identification (see the identification of Chinese ancient books). When ancient books are bought and sold as commodities, some people use the means to make profits, or to make the book book early, or to use the residuals as a whole book to enhance the value of the book. In the Ming Dynasty, there was a situation in which the name of the Song was published. When identifying the ancient version, you should always pay attention to the pseudo phenomenon. There are two common methods of making fakes: one is to use the shadows of the Ming and Qing Dynasties or the better-quality engravings, and remove the prefaces and cards of the original books to fill the Song Dynasty. For example, in the Jiajing four years of Wang Jing’s engraving of the "Historical Records", it was engraved in Song. There are many places in the book with Wang's engraved book cards, which are more than the end of a certain volume. It is not easy to detect the removal of the cards, and is often used as a Song. Another example is the "Classic Interpretation" in the "Tongzhitang Sutra" of the Qing Emperor Kangxi's engraving, and some Song people's interpretations, which are also pretending to be Songben and sold at high prices. The second is to add work fakes in the original book. The common methods are as follows: 1 tamper with the original book layout and fill another book name. 2 tamper with the original book card, as an early engraving. 3 tamper with the original book's catalog and volume, or remove the catalog, and fill the book with the wreck. 4 fake cards. 5 dyed paper.
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